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Galectin-9 （Gal-9） is a member of the galectin family that can specifically recognize and bind to galactosides. Recent studies have shown that Gal-9 is highly expressed in the liver and can help to maintain intrahepatic immune homeostasis and perform biological functions in various liver diseases. This article reviews the immunomodulatory functions of Gal-9 and its role in different liver diseases. Studies have shown that Gal-9 has important biological functions in different liver diseases through multiple pathways. Research on the specific immunomodulatory mechanisms and functions of Gal-9 may help to discover the therapeutic role of Gal-9 in liver diseases.
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The liver is easily affected by a variety of factors to induce liver damage, which can cause disorders in the synthesis, detoxification, metabolism, and biotransformation functions of the liver in severe cases, and at present, there is still a lack of efficient clinical treatment methods for end-stage liver diseases such as liver failure and decompensated liver cirrhosis. Recent studies have confirmed the clinical efficacy of stem cells, and treatment methods based on stem cell-derived exosomes have become a research hotspot. This article introduces the advantages of treatment based on stem cell-derived exosomes, the research advances in related mechanisms, and the current status of preclinical research. Current research findings suggest that treatment based on stem cell-derived exosomes has a good application prospect in the treatment of liver diseases, but it is still needed to conduct in-depth preclinical and clinical studies.
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Background A large amount of iron deposition in the brain can cause neuronal damage by inducing oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and abnormal mitochondrial function. In addition, iron deposition is also reported to be closely related to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The neurofibrillary tangles aggregated by tau hyperphosphorylation are one of the important pathological features of AD. Objective To investigate potential effect of exogenous trivalent iron ions on neuronal activity in human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells and tau hyperphosphorylation and aggregation. Methods SH-SY5Y cells were treated with ferric chloride (FeCl3) at four concentrations (10, 100, 200, and 400 mg·L−1). Cell survival rate was then detected by CCK8 assay. Intracellular iron content was determined prussian blue (Perl's) by iron staining after 24 h exposure to FeCl3 at 10 or 200 mg·L−1. Transfection of tau-P301L plasmid was conducted to construct an AD-like cell model for tau overexpression. The differences in the expression of the phosphorylated tau (p-tau) protein in SH-SY5Y cells and SH-SY5Y cells with tau overexpression were detected by Western blotting after 24 h exposure to FeCl3 at 10 and 200 mg·L−1. After dilution with phosphate buffered saline (PBS), FeCl3, human tauR3, and FeCl3 + tauR3 were incubated at 37℃, and the fluorescence intensity reflecting tau aggregation level was measured by thioflavin T(ThT) method at 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, and 96 h, respectively. Meanwhile, after 96 h coincubation of FeCl3 and tauR3, the fibers formed by tau aggregation were observed under a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Results After 24 h of FeCl3 exposure, the cell survival rate of SH-SY5Y cells among all groups was statistically different (F=8.63, P<0.01). The cell survival rates in the 200 and 400 mg·L−1 groups were 80.1% and 68.7% of the control group, respectively (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the nuclei of the 200 mg·L−1 FeCl3 group were mainly yellowish-brown after iron staining and the positive cell rate was up-regulated by 12.9% (P<0.01). After 24 h of FeCl3 exposure , the p-tau (Ser396) protein expression was statistically different among all groups (F=11.6, P<0.01). Compared with the control group, the p-tau protein expression level of SH-SY5Y cells in the 200 mg·L−1 group was up-regulated by 72.7% (P<0.01). After FeCl3-treated SH-SY5Y cells with tau overexpression for 24 h, the p-tau (Ser396) protein expression was statistically different among all groups (F=27.8, P<0.01). Compared with the tau group, the p-tau (Ser396) protein expression level of SH-SY5Y cells in the tau + 200 mg·L−1 group was up-regulated by 44.6% (P<0.05). Compared with the tauR3 group, the fluorescence intensities in the 84 and 96 h tauR3 + FeCl3 groups were up-regulated by 49.9% and 53.7% (P<0.01) respectively. After 96 h of coincubation, compared with the tauR3 group, FeCl3 + tauR3 aggravated tau aggregation and formed fiber deposition under TEM. Conclusion Exogenous trivalent iron ions may inhibit SH-SY5Y cell viability, promote the phosphorylation of tau in SH-SY5Y cells transfected with tau-P301L plasmid, and aggravate tauR3 aggregation and fiber production.
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Objective@#To investigate the incidence and proportion of salivary gland tumors in order to provide new thinking for clinical diagnosis and treatment.@*Methods@#Collected 3 724 cases salivary gland tumors diagnosed by Pathology Department of Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University from January 1961 to December 2016. The pathological diagnosis referred to the fourth edition of head and neck-salivary gland tumor histopathological classification standard of WHO. The database was established with Microsoft Excel and analyzed with SPSS 18.0. Made a retrospective analysis and comparison on the numbers of all cases in terms of types, site, gender and age and estimate the trend with the time interval of 8 years, and then make a judgement of the trend of salivary tumors.@*Results@#The benign tumors were more common than the malignant among all periods, the proportion of all tumors was about 2.92∶1; The top three benign tumors were polymorphous adenoma [73.78% (2 046/2 773)], Warthin tumor [15.80% (438/2 773)] and base cell adenoma [8.37% (232/2 773)]. Polymorphous adenoma took up 54.94% (2 046/3 724) of all tumors. The top three malignant tumors were mucous epidermoid carcinoma [31.44% (299/951)], adenoid cystic carcinoma [26.92% (256/951)] and adenocarcinoma [11.88% (113/951)]. As for sex, male female ratio was 0.83∶1. As for site, the pathogenic site of tumors was mainly in parotid gland [63.75% (2 374/3 724)], followed by palatal gland [16.50% (615/3 724)], then submandibular gland [12.67% (472/3 724)]; As for age, the common age was between 51 and 60 years old [23.74% (884/3 724)], followed by 41 to 50 years old [21.56%(803/3 724)].@*Conclusions@#The incidence of benign and malignant salivary gland tumor increased in the 56 years. Females showed a higher incidence. The majority tumors occurred in parotid gland. The most common salivary gland tumor was pleomorphic adenoma and the most common malignant tumor was mucous epidermoid carcinoma. The most common age was in 51-60 years old period.
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BACKGROUND: Cell division cycle 2 (cdc2) plays an important role in the course of neuronal degeneration in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. The silencing of cdc2 gene with adeno-associated virus vector might protect the neurons in neurodegenerative diseases.OBJECTIVE: To pack recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) encoding cdc2-siRNA. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: Blank control experiment was performed in the laboratory of Department of Neurology at Wuhan Tongji Hospital between October 2007 and August 2008. MATERIALS: Helper Free adeno-associated virus system (pAAV-MCS-EGFP, p-RC, p-Helper) and AAV-293 cells were purchased from Stratagene. METHODS: The pAAV-MCS-U6-cdc2-siRNA-EGFP expressing plasmid was constructed by molecular biological techniques. The cotransfection of this plasmid, together with p-RC and p-Helper into AAV-293 calls was mediated by calcium acid phosphate. The rAAV encoding cdc2-siRNA (rAAV-U6-cdc2-siRNA-EGFP) was packed and harvested. The silencing effect of this virus on cdc2 gene expression in AAV-293 cells was assessed by Western Blot, and its titer was determined by spot hybridization method. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: sequencing of pAAV-MCS-U6-cdc2-siRNA-EGFP plasmid inserting U6-cdc2-siRNA; 3 plasmid pAAV-MCS-U6-cdc2-siRNA-EGFP, p-RC, p-Helper cotransfecting AAV-293 cells; cdc2 expression after rAAV-U6-cdc2-siRNA-EGFP infected AAV-293 cells.RESULTS: ①The successful construction of U6-cdc2-siRNA in pAAV-MCS-EGFP plasmid was proved by DNA sequencing. ②Green fluorescent protein was expressed in AAV-293 cells, and the contransfection was working well. ③The cdc2 gene expression in AAV-293 cells was down-regulated markedly after infection of rAAV-U6-cdc2-siRNA-EGFP. ④The titer of rAAV-U6-cdc2-siRNA-EGFP was 1×10<'12> v.g/mL.CONCLUSION: The package of rAAV encoding cdc2-siRNA is successful. It can silence cdc2 gene effectively.
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Objective To evaluate the implication of LEEP cervical conization on the outcome of subse-quent pregnancy. Methods The study group comprised 85 women who had a LEEP in Renmin Hoapital of Wuhan University during Jan. 2005 and Jan. 2007 ,and then had a subaequent pregnancy. 109 control women were extracted from outpatient clinic who received antenatal care in the same period with no history of cervical surgery, matching by age, health condition and perinatal stage. The pregnancy outcome of two groups were analyzed. Results Women who had a LEEP were more likely to give preterm delivery than controla (9.88% va 3.70%). But there waa no differ-ence in preterm delivery(χ2=2.97, P>0.05). So were low birth weight infants, preterm premature rupture of mem-branes (pPROM) or cesarean section. On a further study, we found that the time interval between cervical conization and subsequent pregnancy was associated with risk of preterm birth. The shorter time interval, especially shorter than 6 months,the higher risk of preterm birth. Conclusions LEEP cervical conization is not associated with an in-creased risk of preterm delivery, low birth weight infants, pPROM or cesarean section. LEEP conization is a more sol-id choice for women who want to preserve reproductive function. But it would be better for them to have pregnancy plan six months later.